The World in a Grain – Vince Beiser
“To see a World in a Grain of Sand
And a Heaven in a Wild Flower
Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand
And Eternity in an hour…”
Auguries of Innocence
Sand
Sand is the most important solid substance on Earth, the literal foundation of modern civilization. …Sand is the main material that modern cities are made of. It is to cities what flour is to bread, what cells are to our bodies: the invisible but fundamental ingredient that makes up the bulk of the built environment in which most of us live.
The Modern World and Sand
But it was only with the advent of the modern industrialized world, in the decades just before and after the turn of the twentieth century, that people really began to harness the full potential of sand and begin making use of it on a colossal scale. It was during this period that sand went from being a resource used for widespread but artisanal purposes to becoming the essential building block of civilization, the key material used to create mass-manufactured structures and products demanded by a fast-growing population.
The Rise Of Sand
Then, in the years leading up to the twenty-first century, the use of sand expanded tremendously again to fill needs both old and unprecedented. Concrete and glass began rapidly expanding their dominion from wealthy Western nations to the entire world. At roughly the same time, digital technology, powered by silicon chips and other sophisticated hardware made with sand, began reshaping the global economy in ways both gargantuan and mundane.
Making Life Possible
Today, your life depends on sand. You may not realize it, but sand is there, making the way you live possible in almost every minute of your day. We live in it, travel in it, communicate with it, and surround ourselves with it. Chances are good that you woke up this morning in a building made at least partly out of sand. Even if the walls are made of brick or wood, the foundation is most likely made of concrete. Maybe it’s also plastered with stucco, which is mostly sand.
The Monks
Buddhist monks and Navajo artisans have painted with it for centuries. “Like sands through the hourglass, so are the days of our lives,” intone the opening credits of a classic American soap opera. William Blake encouraged us to “see a world in a grain of sand.” Percy Bysshe Shelley reminded us that even the mightiest of kings end up dead and forgotten, while around them only “the lone and level sands stretch far away.” Sand is both minuscule and infinite, a means of measurement and a substance beyond measuring.
The Main Element
Sand is at the core of our daily lives. Look around you right now. Is there a floor beneath you, walls around, and a roof overhead? Chances are excellent that they are made at least partly out of concrete. And what is concrete? It’s essentially just sand and gravel glued together with cement.
Take a glance out the window. All those other buildings you see are also made from sand. So is the glass in that window. So are the miles of asphalt roads that connect all those buildings. So are the silicon chips that are the brains of your laptop and smartphone. If you’re in downtown San Francisco, on the lakefront in Chicago, or at Hong Kong’s international airport, the very ground beneath you is likely artificial, manufactured with sand dredged up from underwater.
The History
Sand has been important to us for centuries, maybe even millennia. People have used it for construction since at least the time of the ancient Egyptians. In the fifteenth century, an Italian artisan figured out how to turn sand into fully transparent glass, which made possible the microscopes, telescopes, and other technologies that helped drive the Renaissance’s scientific revolution.
The World Before Sand
At the dawn of the twentieth century, almost all of the world’s large structures—apartment blocks, office buildings, churches, palaces, and fortresses—were made with stone, brick, clay, or wood. The tallest buildings on Earth stood fewer than ten stories high. Roads were mostly paved with broken stone or, more likely, not paved at all. Glass in the form of windows or tableware was a relatively rare and expensive luxury. The mass manufacture and deployment of concrete and glass changed all that, reshaping how and where people lived in the industrialized world.
Trillions Of Grains
We humans bind together countless trillions of grains of sand to build towering structures, and we break apart the molecules of individual grains to make tiny computer chips. Some of America’s greatest fortunes were built on sand. Henry J. Kaiser, one of the wealthiest and most powerful industrialists of twentieth-century America, got his start selling sand and gravel to road builders in the Pacific Northwest. Henry Crown, a billionaire who once owned the Empire State Building, began his own empire with sand dredged from Lake Michigan he sold to developers building Chicago’s skyscrapers.
Consuming Sand In Construction
Today, the construction industry worldwide consumes some $130 billion worth of sand each year. Sand lies deep in our cultural consciousness. It suffuses our language. We draw lines in it, build castles in it, and hide our heads in it. In medieval Europe (and a classic Metallica song), the Sandman helped ease us into sleep. In our modern mythologies, the Sandman is a DC superhero and a Marvel supervillain. In the creation myths of indigenous cultures from West Africa to North America, sand is portrayed as the element that gives birth to the land.
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